To further investigate the dynamics and place of horse domestication, we investigated DNA sequence polymorphisms responsible for coat color variation in fossil horses. ![]() Genetic studies have shown that coat color variation arose rapidly during domestication, resulting from human selection ( 5). Recently, evidence was found for horse domestication having occurred in Kazakhstan about 5500 years before the present (yr B.P.) ( 4). Despite its importance for human history, the time and place of horse domestication have remained enigmatic for a long time ( 2, 3). A variety of species have been domesticated, but no species has had such an impact on warfare, transportation, and communication capability as the horse. The transformation of wild animals into domestic ones was a key prerequisite for modern human societies ( 1).
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